{"id":7489,"date":"2016-07-01T13:44:37","date_gmt":"2016-07-01T17:44:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/test.greenmoney.com\/2025\/?page_id=7489"},"modified":"2019-05-10T16:24:56","modified_gmt":"2019-05-10T20:24:56","slug":"the-structural-and-possibly-abrupt-decline-of-fossil-fuels","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/test.greenmoney.com\/2025\/the-structural-and-possibly-abrupt-decline-of-fossil-fuels\/","title":{"rendered":"The Structural (and Possibly Abrupt) Decline of Fossil Fuels"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"landing-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/test.greenmoney.com\/2025\/category\/july-august-2016\"> &gt;&gt; Back to July\/August 2016 Issue<\/a><\/div>\n<p>by Garvin Jabusch<em>, cofounder and chief investment officer, Green Alpha Advisors<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/test.greenmoney.com\/2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/feature2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-7534\" src=\"https:\/\/test.greenmoney.com\/2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/feature2.jpg\" alt=\"feature2\" width=\"250\" height=\"390\" \/><\/a>It has been a tough couple years for fossil fuels companies. In the immediate term, new drilling techniques and the lifting of the Iran economic embargo have opened up new supplies of oil and gas, and subsequently there has been a lot of damage to the oil price over the last year and a half. So much so, that according to <em>The Economist<\/em>, at $45 a barrel, oil is cheaper than it\u2019s been since the first OPEC oil embargo in 1973<span class=\"foot-small\">[1]<\/span>. In real economic terms, this is about as cheap as oil has been in decades, the result of a supply\/demand imbalance of nearly two million barrels a day, over about the last two years. It\u2019s important to remember that two million barrels a day is only a shade over two percent of the daily global oil production function, showing that prices have been very sensitive to relatively minor increases in supply relative to the demand.<\/p>\n<p>So today and in the recent past, times have been hard for producers and their investors, but what\u2019s going to happen going forward?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/212189234\/inarticle --><\/p>\n<div id='div-gpt-ad-1622053269469-0' class=\"ad-float-left\" style='height:250px; width:300px;'>\n<script>\ngoogletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1622053269469-0'); });\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>Some, such as Chevron and OPEC&#8217;s Secretary-General, rest their thesis on the low price of oil slowing production investment, therefore causing base production to go down.<span class=\"foot-small\">[2]<\/span>Meanwhile, in their projection, demand goes up, and the two effects together lead to a $200 barrel of oil over the next decade and a half. In the short and near-medium term, this could be wrong. OPEC infighting and Iran regaining their four million barrels per day market share could conspire to keep supply on the high side. Or projections could be right, with production decreases resulting in more expensive oil.<\/p>\n<p>Past that modicum of agreement, Green Alpha\u2019s thesis is the opposite of Chevron\u2019s.<\/p>\n<p>We believe that fossil fuels are in the early stages (perhaps not so early in the case of coal) of a structural decline in demand that will ultimately result in coal, oil and gas no longer representing a meaningful percentage of the global economy\u2019s energy mix by 2050, with investment and growth in the sector reversing long before that.<\/p>\n<p>Fossil fuels may not be abandoned completely, but there is no credible scenario in which they are able to resume growth, economic superiority or a reliable pattern of risk-adjusted or even absolute returns. The two reasons for this are: 1. Renewable energies have become too economically competitive for fossil fuels to contend with, and 2. It is now widely understood that fossil fuels present systemic risks too great to be allowed to continue.<\/p>\n<p>Rather than another long list of the economic advantages of renewables and the existential threats presented by extracting and burning fossil fuels, perhaps it\u2019s more interesting to illustrate our thesis by responding to the most frequent objections that we hear. In no particular order, they go like this:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Solar and wind still aren\u2019t cost competitive, and if they are, it\u2019s only because of subsidies<\/strong>. Wrong. We now see electricity being contracted for sale at just under three pennies per kilowatt-hour on an unsubsidized basis from large-scale solar power generating plants. That\u2019s $0.0299 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) in Dubai,<span class=\"foot-small\">[3]<\/span> which is admittedly one of the sunnier places in the world and therefore particularly advantageous for solar, but we also see right here in the United States that we are not far behind; San Jose, California, for example, has recently signed a solar power purchase agreement for 3.7 cents per kWw,<span class=\"foot-small\">[4]<\/span> which is competitive with any form of fossil electricity and cheaper than most. Wind, although not declining in price as rapidly as solar, is for now even cheaper. A 2015 report<span class=\"foot-small\">[5]<\/span> from analysts at Lazard Freres, as cited by <em>Politifact<\/em>, shows \u201cthe cost of wind production in Texas, not counting government subsidies, runs from $36 to $51 per megawatt-hour (Mwh) while an average national cost for coal-fired electricity ranges from $65 to $150 per MWh and for gas, depending on the type of plant, from $52\/MWh to $218\/MWh.\u201d<span class=\"foot-small\">[6]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Related:<\/em> but solar isn\u2019t growing very fast<\/strong>. You\u2019re kidding, right? Solar is one of the world\u2019s fastest growing industries. In a record-breaking year, the solar industry in the United States installed 7.3 gigawatt (GW) of solar PV (Photovoltaic) in 2015,<span class=\"foot-small\">[7]<\/span> and is poised to grow 119 percent in 2016, with installations to reach 16 GW.<span class=\"foot-small\">[8]<\/span> Entirely eclipsing this achievement, China just added 7.1 GW of new solar PV capacity in Q1 2016 alone.<span class=\"foot-small\">[9]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/test.greenmoney.com\/2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Envision_solar-carport.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7533 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/test.greenmoney.com\/2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Envision_solar-carport.jpg\" alt=\"Envision_solar-carport\" width=\"749\" height=\"364\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Oil producers don\u2019t agree that there is a decline going on.<\/strong> Right and wrong. Chevron and Exxon Mobil both do see oil demand going up in the next couple of decades, but the Deputy Crown Price of Saudi Arabia thinks the oil era will end, and is working hard on a transition plan to make his country much less dependent on fossil fuels revenues.<span class=\"foot-small\">[10]<\/span> He also has <em>Bloomberg<\/em> writing about \u201cThe $2 Trillion Project to Get Saudi Arabia\u2019s Economy Off Oil.\u201d<span class=\"foot-small\">[11]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>But if fossil fuels companies continue to do poorly, the economy will tank. <\/strong>Right and wrong, but mostly wrong. Yes, oil and gas firms have gone from boosting U.S. GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth to reducing it, and recent GDP-by-industry numbers show that the oil and gas industry has continued to drag down GDP.<span class=\"foot-small\">[12]<\/span> Meanwhile, though, cheap oil and gas prices, combined with inexpensive renewables, are making most everything else in the economy far more productive and inexpensive. It\u2019s important to keep in mind, as Jeremy Grantham has written, \u201cThe consumers of both oil and natural gas account for far more of U.S. economic activity than the producers do. For consumers, cheap energy is good. So eventually, whatever drag the oil and gas industry\u2019s troubles exert on the economy should be more than compensated for by gains in other sectors.\u201d<span class=\"foot-small\">[13]<\/span>Indeed, according to <em>Bloomberg<\/em>, \u201cBank of America Merrill Lynch\u2026puts the oil move into a much bigger perspective, arguing that a sustained price plunge &#8220;will push back $3 trillion a year from oil producers to global consumers, setting the stage for one of the largest transfers of wealth in human history.&#8221;<span class=\"foot-small\">[14]<\/span> For context, again, Grantham: \u201cCould there be a better financial input than this to the group that has been hurting for 30 years \u2013 the median wage earner? Not easily.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Natural gas releases fewer greenhouse gasses than coal and can therefore be used indefinitely. <\/strong>Wrong. Yes, burning natural gas to make electricity releases less CO<sub>2<\/sub> into the atmosphere than burning coal does, but the process of extracting, transporting and using natural gas releases far more methane into the atmosphere than does coal (which mainly releases CO<sub>2<\/sub>), \u2014 and methane is a far more powerful trapper of heat than CO<sub>2<\/sub>. In fact, many scientists think natural gas is worse than coal in global warming terms. Methane has a shorter life-span in the atmosphere than CO<sub>2<\/sub>, so the debate about which is worse in long-haul warming terms is difficult to resolve, but in the short term \u2013 meaning under a Century \u2014 &#8220;methane emissions from fracked shale gas are horrendously high; so yes, it\u2019s unequivocally worse for the climate than is coal,&#8221; says Cornell University\u2019s Robert W. Howarth, as quoted by <em>Politifact<\/em>, in a solid summary<span class=\"foot-small\">[15]<\/span> of points trying to get to the bottom of this issue. So natural gas is at least as bad as coal in terms of warming, and maybe much worse. Of course, both fuels present other risks as well, like mercury and soot pollution in the case of coal, and groundwater and aquifer contamination in the case of natural gas fracking.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/212189234\/InArticle002 --><\/p>\n<div id='div-gpt-ad-1622053479374-0'  class=\"ad-float-left\" style='height:250px; width:300px;'>\n<script>\ngoogletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1622053479374-0'); });\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>But natural gas is the fastest growing energy in America.<\/strong> Nope, it\u2019s being outpaced by renewables 2-to-1. In 2015, solar and wind together represented 69 percent of new electricity generation capacity additions in the U.S<span class=\"foot-small\">[16]<\/span> New U.S. electrical capacity from wind and solar in January 2016? One hundred percent. According to data cited by Joe Romm, \u201cin the first three months of 2016, the U.S. grid added 18 MW (Megawatts) of new natural gas capacity. It added a whopping 1,291 MW of new wind and solar.\u201d<span class=\"foot-small\">[17]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Global warming isn\u2019t real.<\/strong> Wrong. It\u2019s all too real. Everyone knows it. There are now even meta-studies confirming consensus among studies revealing overwhelming consensus among scientists.<span class=\"foot-small\">[18]<\/span> Grow up.<\/p>\n<p><strong>We\u2019re presently in a cooling phase<\/strong>. No. It\u2019s hotter than ever. Keep up. It\u2019s actually hard to avoid news about it right now. Here\u2019s a May 16, 2016 summary from the <em>Washington Post<\/em>, selected at random from a Google search for \u201crecord warm:\u201d \u201cThe planet\u2019s torrid streak of record-warm months ballooned to seven in April, NASA data released over the weekend reveals. The average temperature of the planet was 2.0 degrees Fahrenheit (1.11 degrees Celsius) above the long-term average in April, shattering the old record from 2010 by 0.4 degrees (0.24 degrees Celsius). NASA data now indicates Earth has set record highs in every month since October 2015 and, in each instance, by a substantial margin.\u201d<span class=\"foot-small\">[19]<\/span> If a few months seems like too short a time frame to worry about, consider NOAA\u2019s revelation that \u201cto date, including 2015, 15 of the 16 warmest years on record have occurred during the 21<sup style=\"font-size:smaller;\">st<\/sup> century.\u201d Note here that it is presently 2016, meaning all but one of the warmest 16 years ever recorded have occurred this century. That one outlier record year not in the 21<sup style=\"font-size:smaller;\">st<\/sup> century? 1998.<span class=\"foot-small\">[20]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Serious institutions don\u2019t agree that greenhouse gases and warming are threats to the economy.<\/strong> Yes they do. In fact, warming and climate change are now cited both as being and causing the most serious global economic risks we face by such groups as the World Economic Forum at Davos, Switzerland.<span class=\"foot-small\">[21]<\/span> The European Systemic Risk Board goes so far as to warn of a global economic \u201ccontagion\u201d if the move to a low carbon economy happens too slowly or too late.<span class=\"foot-small\">[22]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Serious institutions don\u2019t agree that the global economy will soon evolve past fossil fuels.<\/strong> On the contrary, they very much do. MSSB Research summed up the positions of many banks on the subject when they recently wrote: &#8220;Investors cannot assume economic growth will continue to rely heavily on an energy sector powered predominantly by fossil fuels.\u201d<span class=\"foot-small\">[23]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Electric vehicles will not displace internal combustion, and therefore oil demand will remain robust<\/strong>. Only true in the short term. To assume that the changes we are now seeing emerge around the electrification of transportation and the subsequent ability of renewables to provide the energy required for transport is to ignore now obvious developments in technology and also in current events. For example, the Dutch Parliament has recently passed legislation seeking to prohibit the sale of internal combustion engine cars in Holland after 2025.<span class=\"foot-small\">[24]<\/span> Prime Minister Modi and others in India are working toward similar policy that would ban the sale of gas and diesel burning cars in India after 2030.<span class=\"foot-small\">[25]<\/span> According to <em>The Independent<\/em>, \u201cNorway will ban the sale of all fossil fuel-based cars in the next decade, continuing its trend towards becoming one of the most ecologically progressive countries on the planet.\u201d<span class=\"foot-small\">[26]<\/span> <em>Bloomberg<\/em> has written that they think there will be enough electric vehicles on the road by 2022 to have displaced 2 million barrels of oil per day worth of demand, with demand displacement of 5, 10, and 15 million barrels not far behind.<span class=\"foot-small\">[27]<\/span> Last year in China, we saw a 223 percent increase in sales of electric vehicles.<span class=\"foot-small\">[28]<\/span> In the U.S., it wasn\u2019t quite as dramatic as in China, and yet we have seen in 2015 a 70 percent increase in EV (Electric Vehicle) demand,<span class=\"foot-small\">[29]<\/span> with growth of electric vehicles in both nations of course directly displacing oil. The Energy Collective has written that they don&#8217;t see any scenario where electric vehicles are not the majority of cars on the road by 2050.<span class=\"foot-small\">[30]<\/span><em>The Financial Times<\/em> has gone as far as to print that fossil fuels must now accept that they are entering terminal decline.<span class=\"foot-small\">[31]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Related:<\/em> batteries are too expensive.<\/strong> Battery cost has been the primary factor keeping prices of electric vehicles high relative to internal combustion cars. However, Lithium Ion batteries that cost as much as $400 per kWh of storage when Tesla started making electric cars have now fallen to $160\/kWh, and according to <em>Greentech Media<\/em>, \u201cGM sees its battery cell cost hitting $100 per kilowatt-hour in 2022. Tesla could reach its &lt;$100 per kilowatt-hour target in the intermediate term as Gigafactory production ramps, by 2018.\u201d<span class=\"foot-small\">[32]<\/span> This will result in electric cars being very economically competitive, if not overwhelming, with internal combustion cars.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Related:<\/em> lithium is too scarce to supply battery demand<\/strong>. Apparently, not so much. \u201cLithium, for example, is widely distributed and plentiful, takes little energy to produce, leaves no nasty waste behind, and faces predictable (steadily rising) demand,\u201d according to <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, <\/em>as reported by<em> High Country News. HCN <\/em>goes on, \u201cOther countries, especially Chile, Argentina and Bolivia, have vast lithium-rich brine sources, low labor costs and political and regulatory regimes that favor maximum production. They don\u2019t need hype. And they set the price.\u201d<span class=\"foot-small\">[33]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Corporations don\u2019t care about using renewables<\/strong>. Apple and Google\/Alphabet, the world\u2019s two largest publicly traded companies by market capitalization, have both committed to power all their operations with renewable energies, and have already made remarkable progress. Currently, 93 percent of Apple\u2019s facilities worldwide run on renewable energy, well on the path to CEO Tim Cook\u2019s stated 100 percent goal. Google purchases the same volume of renewable energy that it consumes for operations, in addition to generating from solar and wind assets it owns.<span class=\"foot-small\">[34]<\/span>, <span class=\"foot-small\">[35]<\/span>, <span class=\"foot-small\">[36]<\/span> Many firms large and small are following the lead of the world\u2019s largest, starting with some in the Fortune 500.<span class=\"foot-small\">[37]<\/span> Some major corporate electricity users are now choosing to get a divorce from their utility, where laws allow, in order to speed up their renewable power use goals. MGM Mirage, for example, is leaving Nevada Energy because that utility has been too slow to implement renewable energies that MGM desires. Even though MGM will be required to pay an $80 million penalty to quit NV Energy, they are moving forward for three key reasons: 1. They will pay far less over time for electricity from their own solar generating facilities, 2. They want to meet corporate climate change mitigation goals, and 3. Perhaps most importantly, they can thus achieve something they never before dreamed possible: 20 to 40 years of locked-in, non-variable costs for their power.<span class=\"foot-small\">[38]<\/span>, <span class=\"foot-small\">[39]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Renewables aren\u2019t adding jobs. In fact, renewables destroy jobs<\/strong>. No. According to <em>Bloomberg<\/em>, \u201cthe number of U.S. jobs in solar energy overtook those in oil and natural gas extraction for the first time last year, helping drive a global surge in employment in the clean-energy business as fossil-fuel companies faltered. Employment in the U.S. solar business grew 12 times faster than overall job creation.\u201d<span class=\"foot-small\">[40]<\/span> And, as reported by <em>The Hill<\/em>, \u201c2.5 million people in the U.S. work in renewable energy, energy efficiency, clean vehicles and fuels, more than coal mining, petroleum extraction, pipeline and railroad industries combined,\u201d and \u201cin the US, solar jobs grew 22 percent and wind jobs grew 21 percent over the past year.\u201d<span class=\"foot-small\">[41]<\/span> It\u2019s safe to say that far from hurting the economy, renewables are adding tremendously to GDP, and might even be said to be dragging the rest of the economy along into positive territory.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A nation can\u2019t transition to renewable energies while simultaneously growing its GDP<\/strong>. Obviously, this one is complicated and each nation faces its own intricacies on the road to fossil free energy standards. What we do know for now is that since 2000, there are at least 21 countries that have reduced their annual greenhouse gas emissions while simultaneously growing their economies as measured by GDP.<span class=\"foot-small\">[42]<\/span> In these 21 nations, economic growth and CO<sub>2<\/sub> emissions have increasingly diverged, meaning economic growth has been decoupled from growth in carbon dioxide emissions. Given that these economies are growing, the most likely explanation is a structural shift of economies away from emissions-intensive electric power and transportation to renewable or at least zero Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions energies. Thanks to the results achieved by these 21, the aggregate global economy is growing, but global carbon emissions aren\u2019t. According to analysis by the International Energy Agency (IEA), the surge in wind and solar energies, particularly over the last two years, combined with improvements in energy efficiencies have led to the ability of the global economy for the first time since the dawn of the industrial revolution to see a reduction in GHG emissions not caused by a recession or depression. \u201cWe now have seen two straight years of greenhouse gas emissions decoupling from economic growth,\u201d concludes IEA Executive Director Fatih Birol.<span class=\"foot-small\">[43]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>The electricity grid can\u2019t handle renewables<\/strong>. Here again we have a complicated issue. Some regions that historically have invested exclusively in hub and spoke grid architecture centered on burning fossil fuels may face difficulty adapting to widespread or large-scale renewables, at least without some upgrades. However, for the most part, most U.S. grids and areas are already capable of assimilating large percentages of solar and wind energy. The National Renewable Energy Lab, perhaps America\u2019s leading authority on the subject, reports that \u201crenewable electricity generation from technologies that are commercially available today, in combination with a more flexible electric system, is more than adequate to supply 80 percent of total U.S. electricity generation in 2050 while meeting electricity demand on an hourly basis in every region of the country.\u201d<span class=\"foot-small\">[44]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) can solve everything<\/strong>. The argument that \u2018we can keep burning all the fossil fuels we like, we just need to invest in technology to capture the carbon emissions\u2019 is dubious on many levels. First, it amounts to a capitulation that emissions are indeed dangerous. Second, it\u2019s not clear to me that CCS can capture every power plant and every vehicle\u2019s emissions in a way that works technologically, and even if it could, where would we store all that carbon? And if you could capture and store all those GHGs, how could you do it in a way that is economically competitive with a solar panel that\u2019s now already very competitive with fossil generated electricity that can today dump its emissions into the sky for free? As I\u2019ve written elsewhere,<span class=\"foot-small\">[45]<\/span> there\u2019s really no way.<\/p>\n<h2>Wrapping Up<\/h2>\n<p>With utilities, transportation and the corporate world making the transition to renewables, it\u2019s hard for me to see where an increase in demand for fossil fuels can come from. As investment managers, even if sustainability wasn\u2019t part of our thesis, we couldn\u2019t possibly have any investment interest in the shrinking global prospects for fossil fuels companies. The transition to a global economy powered by wind and solar is no longer a theoretical revolution, it is now demonstrably well underway. For investors, it has become dangerous to think of fossil fuel stocks as the same old source of safe risk-adjusted returns that they have been in past decades, and perhaps equally dangerous to assume that the stranding of fossil reserves is a process that will take decades into the future. Jeremy Grantham thinks that before 2030, investment growth in fossil fuels will have stopped.<span class=\"foot-small\">[46]<\/span> I personally think it will be long before that.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Article by Garvin Jabusch<\/em><\/strong><em>, cofounder and chief investment officer of\u00a0Green Alpha<sup>\u00ae <\/sup>Advisors LLC <\/em>(<a href=\"http:\/\/www.greenalphaadvisors.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.greenalphaadvisors.com<\/a>). <em>He is co-manager of the\u00a0Shelton Green Alpha Fund [NEXTX] <\/em>(<a href=\"http:\/\/sheltoncap.com\/mutual-funds\/domestic-equity\/shelton-green-alpha-fund-fossil-free-investing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/sheltoncap.com\/mutual-funds\/domestic-equity\/shelton-green-alpha-fund-fossil-free-investing<\/a>) and <em>of the\u00a0Green Alpha Next Economy Index <\/em><em>and of the\u00a0Sierra Club Green Alpha Portfolio<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Article Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1 The Economist, \u201cWho\u2019s afraid of cheap oil?,\u201d <em>The Economist<\/em>, Jan 23rd 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.economist.com\/news\/leaders\/21688854-low-energy-prices-ought-be-shot-arm-economy-think-again-whos-afraid-cheap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.economist.com\/news\/leaders\/21688854-low-energy-prices-ought-be-shot-arm-economy-think-again-whos-afraid-cheap<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2 DiLallo, Matt, \u201cOPEC leader: Oil could shoot back to $200,\u201d <em>CNN Money<\/em>, February 3, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/money.cnn.com\/2015\/02\/03\/investing\/oil-price-rebound-opec-200\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/money.cnn.com\/2015\/02\/03\/investing\/oil-price-rebound-opec-200\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>3 Borgmann, Moritz, \u201cDubai Shatters All Records for Cost of Solar with Earth&#8217;s Largest Solar Power Plant,\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/www.renewableenergyworld.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.renewableenergyworld.com<\/a> May 2, 2016<\/p>\n<p>4 Ayre, James, \u201cPalo Alto, California, Approves Solar PPA With Hecate Energy At $36.76\/MWh! (Record Low),\u201d <em>Clean Technica<\/em>, February 23rd, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/cleantechnica.com\/2016\/02\/23\/palo-alto-california-approves-solar-ppa-hecate-energy-36-76mwh-record-low\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/cleantechnica.com\/2016\/02\/23\/palo-alto-california-approves-solar-ppa-hecate-energy-36-76mwh-record-low\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>5 Lazard Freres, \u201cLazard\u2019s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis, Version 9.0,\u201d November 2015<\/p>\n<p>6 Selby, W. Gardner, \u201cBarack Obama says wind power cheaper in Texas than power from &#8216;dirty fossil fuels,&#8217;\u201d <em>Politifact<\/em>, April 12th, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.politifact.com\/texas\/statements\/2016\/apr\/12\/barack-obama\/barack-obama-says-wind-power-cheaper-texas-power-d\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.politifact.com\/texas\/statements\/2016\/apr\/12\/barack-obama\/barack-obama-says-wind-power-cheaper-texas-power-d\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>7 SEIA, \u201cU.S. Solar Market Sets New Record, Installing 7.3 GW of Solar PV in 2015,\u201d February 22, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.seia.org\/news\/us-solar-market-sets-new-record-installing-73-gw-solar-pv-2015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.seia.org\/news\/us-solar-market-sets-new-record-installing-73-gw-solar-pv-2015<\/a><\/p>\n<p>8 Munsell, Mike, \u201cUS Solar Market Set to Grow 119% in 2016, Installations to Reach 16GW,\u201d <em>Greentech Media<\/em>, March 09, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.greentechmedia.com\/articles\/read\/us-solar-market-set-to-grow-119-in-2016-installations-to-reach-16-gw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.greentechmedia.com\/articles\/read\/us-solar-market-set-to-grow-119-in-2016-installations-to-reach-16-gw<\/a><\/p>\n<p>9 Publicover, Brian, \u201cChina installed 7.1GW of solar in Q1,\u201d <em>Recharge<\/em>, April 25 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rechargenews.com\/solar\/1430563\/china-installed-71gw-of-solar-in-q1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.rechargenews.com\/solar\/1430563\/china-installed-71gw-of-solar-in-q1<\/a><\/p>\n<p>10 Al-Dakhil, Turki, \u201cMohammad bin Salman and the end of the oil era,\u201d <em>Al Arabiya<\/em>, 27 April 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/en\/views\/news\/middle-east\/2016\/04\/27\/Mohammad-bin-Salman-and-the-end-of-the-oil-era.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/en\/views\/news\/middle-east\/2016\/04\/27\/Mohammad-bin-Salman-and-the-end-of-the-oil-era.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>11 Waldman, Peter, \u201cThe $2 Trillion Project to Get Saudi Arabia\u2019s Economy Off Oil,\u201d <em>Bloomberg<\/em>, April 21, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/features\/2016-04-21\/the-2-trillion-project-to-get-saudi-arabia-s-economy-off-oil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/features\/2016-04-21\/the-2-trillion-project-to-get-saudi-arabia-s-economy-off-oil<\/a><\/p>\n<p>12 Fox, Justin, \u201cOil&#8217;s Plunge Won&#8217;t Drag Down the U.S. Economy,\u201d <em>Bloomberg View<\/em>, January 29, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/view\/articles\/2016-01-29\/oil-s-plunge-won-t-drag-down-the-u-s-economy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/view\/articles\/2016-01-29\/oil-s-plunge-won-t-drag-down-the-u-s-economy<\/a><\/p>\n<p>13 Grantham, Jeremy, \u201cPart II: 2015 and 2016, U.S. Equity Bubble Update, and Yet More on Oil,\u201d <em>GMO Quarterly Letter, 4Q 2015<\/em>, March 2016.<\/p>\n<p>14 Weisenthal, Joe, \u201cBofA: The Oil Crash Is Kicking Off One of the Largest Wealth Transfers in Human History,\u201d Bloomberg, January 31, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-02-01\/bofa-the-oil-crash-is-kicking-off-one-of-the-largest-wealth-transfers-in-human-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-02-01\/bofa-the-oil-crash-is-kicking-off-one-of-the-largest-wealth-transfers-in-human-history<\/a><\/p>\n<p>15 Reynolds, Mark, \u201cCould fracking be worse for the climate than coal?,\u201d <em>Politifact<\/em>, January 24th, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.politifact.com\/rhode-island\/statements\/2016\/jan\/24\/environmental-justice-league-ri-environmental-just\/could-fracking-be-worse-climate-coal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.politifact.com\/rhode-island\/statements\/2016\/jan\/24\/environmental-justice-league-ri-environmental-just\/could-fracking-be-worse-climate-coal<\/a><\/p>\n<p>16 Shahan, Zachary, \u201cRenewables = 69% of New US Electricity Capacity in 2015,\u201d <em>Clean Technica<\/em>, February 15th, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/cleantechnica.com\/2016\/02\/15\/renewables-69-of-new-us-electricity-capacity-in-2015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/cleantechnica.com\/2016\/02\/15\/renewables-69-of-new-us-electricity-capacity-in-2015<\/a><\/p>\n<p>17 Romm, Joe, \u201cRenewables Are Leaving Natural Gas In The Dust This Year,\u201d ClimateProgress, May 16, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/thinkprogress.org\/climate\/2016\/05\/16\/3778542\/grid-70-times-renewables-natural-gas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/thinkprogress.org\/climate\/2016\/05\/16\/3778542\/grid-70-times-renewables-natural-gas<\/a><\/p>\n<p>18 Cook, John, The University of Queensland, \u201cNew &#8216;Meta&#8217; Study Confirms Consensus: 97% of Publishing Climate Scientists Agree We are Causing Global Warming,\u201d <em>DESMOG<\/em>, Saturday, April 16, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.desmogblog.com\/2016\/04\/14\/new-meta-study-confirms-consensus-97-publishing-climate-scientists-agree-we-causing-global-warming\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.desmogblog.com\/2016\/04\/14\/new-meta-study-confirms-consensus-97-publishing-climate-scientists-agree-we-causing-global-warming<\/a><\/p>\n<p>19 Samenow, Jason, \u201cEarth\u2019s relentless streak of record-warm months expands to seven,\u201d <em>The Washington Post<\/em>, May 16<sup style=\"font-size:smaller;\">th<\/sup>, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/capital-weather-gang\/wp\/2016\/05\/16\/earths-relentless-streak-of-record-warm-months-expands-to-seven\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/capital-weather-gang\/wp\/2016\/05\/16\/earths-relentless-streak-of-record-warm-months-expands-to-seven\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>20 NOAA, <em>Global Analysis &#8211; Annual 2015<\/em>, January, 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/sotc\/global\/201513\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/sotc\/global\/201513<\/a><\/p>\n<p>21 Reyes, Cicilia, \u201cWhy climate change adaptation is key to managing global risks,\u201d <em>World Economic Forum Agenda<\/em>, 14 January 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2016\/01\/climate-adaptation-is-key-to-managing-interconnected-global-risks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2016\/01\/climate-adaptation-is-key-to-managing-interconnected-global-risks<\/a><\/p>\n<p>22 A group of the ESRB Advisory Scientific Committee, \u201cToo late, too sudden: Transition to a low-carbon economy and systemic risk,\u201d <em>Reports of the Advisory Scientific Committee, No 6<\/em>, February 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esrb.europa.eu\/pub\/pdf\/asc\/Reports_ASC_6_1602.pdf?829a1b407eb1e9d82ef45228a4884536\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.esrb.europa.eu\/pub\/pdf\/asc\/Reports_ASC_6_1602.pdf?829a1b407eb1e9d82ef45228a4884536<\/a><\/p>\n<p>23 Morgan Stanley, \u201cClimate Change and Fossil Fuel Aware Investing, <em>MSSB Research<\/em>, January, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.morganstanley.com\/pub\/content\/dam\/msdotcom\/articles\/fossil-fuels\/Climate-Change-Fossil-Fuel-Aware-Investing_Primer.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.morganstanley.com\/pub\/content\/dam\/msdotcom\/articles\/fossil-fuels\/Climate-Change-Fossil-Fuel-Aware-Investing_Primer.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>24 Hern, Alex, \u201cNetherlands moots electric car future with petrol and diesel ban by 2025,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, 18 April 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2016\/apr\/18\/netherlands-parliament-electric-car-petrol-diesel-ban-by-2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2016\/apr\/18\/netherlands-parliament-electric-car-petrol-diesel-ban-by-2025<\/a><\/p>\n<p>25 Rakshit, Pratik, \u201cIndia to become 100 per cent E-vehicle nation by 2030, says Piyush Goyal,\u201d <em>India Today<\/em>, March 25, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/indiatoday.intoday.in\/auto\/story\/india-to-become-100-per-cent-e-vehicle-nation-by-2030-says-piyush-goyal\/1\/627358.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/indiatoday.intoday.in\/auto\/story\/india-to-become-100-per-cent-e-vehicle-nation-by-2030-says-piyush-goyal\/1\/627358.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>26 Staufenberg, Jeff, \u201cNorway to &#8216;completely ban petrol powered cars by 2025&#8217;,\u201d <em>The Independent<\/em>, 6 June 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/environment\/climate-change\/norway-to-ban-the-sale-of-all-fossil-fuel-based-cars-by-2025-and-replace-with-electric-vehicles-a7065616.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/environment\/climate-change\/norway-to-ban-the-sale-of-all-fossil-fuel-based-cars-by-2025-and-replace-with-electric-vehicles-a7065616.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>27 Randall, Tom, \u201cHere\u2019s How Electric Cars Will Cause the Next Oil Crisis,\u201d <em>Bloomberg<\/em>, Feb. 25, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/features\/2016-ev-oil-crisis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/features\/2016-ev-oil-crisis\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>28 Ayre, James, \u201cChina Electric Car Sales Increased 223% In 2015,\u201d Clean Technica, March 8th, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/cleantechnica.com\/2016\/03\/08\/china-electric-car-sales-increased-223-in-2015\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/cleantechnica.com\/2016\/03\/08\/china-electric-car-sales-increased-223-in-2015\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>29 Ayre, James, \u201cGlobal Electric Car Sales Surpasses Half A Million In 2015,\u201d Clean Technica, March 8th, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/cleantechnica.com\/2016\/03\/08\/global-electric-car-sales-surpasses-half-a-million-in-2015\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/cleantechnica.com\/2016\/03\/08\/global-electric-car-sales-surpasses-half-a-million-in-2015\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>30 Whitmore, Adam, \u201cHow Fast Could the Market for Electric Vehicles Grow?\u2019\u201d The Energy Collective, May 24, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theenergycollective.com\/onclimatechangepolicy\/2379061\/how-fast-could-the-market-for-electric-vehicles-grow\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.theenergycollective.com\/onclimatechangepolicy\/2379061\/how-fast-could-the-market-for-electric-vehicles-grow<\/a><\/p>\n<p>31 Rowell, Andy, \u201cBusiness Model of Big Oil \u201cFundamentally Flawed\u201d,\u201d <em>Oil Change International<\/em>, February 15, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/priceofoil.org\/2016\/02\/15\/business-model-of-big-oil-fundamentally-flawed\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/priceofoil.org\/2016\/02\/15\/business-model-of-big-oil-fundamentally-flawed\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>32 Wesoff, Eric, \u201cHow Soon Can Tesla Get Battery Cell Costs Below $100 per Kilowatt-Hour?,\u201d Greentech Media, March 15, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.greentechmedia.com\/articles\/read\/How-Soon-Can-Tesla-Get-Battery-Cell-Cost-Below-100-per-Kilowatt-Hour\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.greentechmedia.com\/articles\/read\/How-Soon-Can-Tesla-Get-Battery-Cell-Cost-Below-100-per-Kilowatt-Hour<\/a><\/p>\n<p>33 Heffernan, Tim, \u201cWhy rare-earth mining in the West is a bust,\u201d <em>High Country News<\/em>, June 16, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hcn.org\/issues\/47.11\/why-rare-earth-mining-in-the-west-is-a-bust\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.hcn.org\/issues\/47.11\/why-rare-earth-mining-in-the-west-is-a-bust<\/a><\/p>\n<p>34 Gallucci, Maria, \u201cApple Inc. And Google Inc. Sign Major Renewable Energy Deals As Wind And Solar Energy Costs Plunge,\u201d <em>International Business Times<\/em>, February 12, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ibtimes.com\/apple-inc-google-inc-sign-major-renewable-energy-deals-wind-solar-energy-costs-plunge-1814778\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.ibtimes.com\/apple-inc-google-inc-sign-major-renewable-energy-deals-wind-solar-energy-costs-plunge-1814778<\/a><\/p>\n<p>35 Apple Inc., \u201cClimate change is real. So is what we\u2019re doing about it,\u201d from Apple\u2019s website, ongoing, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.apple.com\/environment\/climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.apple.com\/environment\/climate-change\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>36 Alphabet Inc, \u201cRenewable energy,\u201d \u201cUsing green power at Google,\u201d \u201cInvesting in a clean energy future,\u201d from Alphabet\u2019s website, ongoing, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/green\/energy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.google.com\/green\/energy\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>37 The Climate Group, \u201cFortune 500 Listed Companies Pledge to Use 100% Renewable Electricity,\u201d September 23, 2015<\/p>\n<p>38 Hernandez, Daniel, \u201cLas Vegas Utilities Really Don\u2019t Want the Strip to Go Solar,\u201d <em>Wired<\/em>, March 9, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wired.com\/2016\/03\/las-vegas-utilities-really-dont-want-strip-go-solar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.wired.com\/2016\/03\/las-vegas-utilities-really-dont-want-strip-go-solar<\/a><\/p>\n<p>39 Lacey, Stephen, \u201cBig Corporations Are Starting to Ditch Their Power Providers. A Sign of the Utility Death Spiral?\u201d <em>Greentech Media<\/em>, May 26, 2016, and from Greentech Media\u2019s podcast, <em>The Energy Gang, <\/em>of May 25, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greentechmedia.com\/articles\/read\/big-corporations-are-starting-to-ditch-their-power-providers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.greentechmedia.com\/articles\/read\/big-corporations-are-starting-to-ditch-their-power-providers<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greentechmedia.com\/podcast\/the-energy-gang\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.greentechmedia.com\/podcast\/the-energy-gang<\/a><\/p>\n<p>40 Hirtenstein, Anna, \u201cClean-Energy Jobs Surpass Oil Drilling for First Time in U.S.,\u201d <em>Bloomberg<\/em>, May 25, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-05-25\/clean-energy-jobs-surpass-oil-drilling-for-first-time-in-u-s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-05-25\/clean-energy-jobs-surpass-oil-drilling-for-first-time-in-u-s<\/a><\/p>\n<p>41 Fried, Rona, \u201c2016 is a breakthrough year for solar,\u201d <em>The Hill<\/em>, June 01, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/thehill.com\/blogs\/pundits-blog\/energy-environment\/281878-2016-is-a-breakthrough-year-for-solar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/thehill.com\/blogs\/pundits-blog\/energy-environment\/281878-2016-is-a-breakthrough-year-for-solar<\/a><\/p>\n<p>42 Aden, Nate, \u201cThe Roads to Decoupling: 21 Countries Are Reducing Carbon Emissions While Growing GDP,\u201d <em>World Resources Institute<\/em>, April 05, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wri.org\/blog\/2016\/04\/roads-decoupling-21-countries-are-reducing-carbon-emissions-while-growing-gdp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.wri.org\/blog\/2016\/04\/roads-decoupling-21-countries-are-reducing-carbon-emissions-while-growing-gdp<\/a><\/p>\n<p>43 Mooney, Chris, \u201cThe economy is growing, but carbon emissions aren\u2019t. That\u2019s a really big deal,\u201d <em>The Washington Post<\/em>, March 16, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/energy-environment\/wp\/2016\/03\/16\/this-key-rule-of-economics-and-the-environment-just-failed-again\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/energy-environment\/wp\/2016\/03\/16\/this-key-rule-of-economics-and-the-environment-just-failed-again<\/a><\/p>\n<p>44 National Renewable Energy Laboratory, <em>Renewable Electricity Futures Study<\/em>, ongoing.<\/p>\n<p>45 Jabusch, Garvin, \u201cClean Coal via CCS Is Still a Terrible Investment,\u201d <em>Green Alpha\u2019s Next Economy<\/em>, June 9, 2015<\/p>\n<p>46 Grantham, Jeremy, \u201cThe Beginning of the End of the Fossil Fuel Revolution(From Golden Goose to Cooked Goose),\u201d <em>GMO Quarterly Letter, Third Quarter 2014<\/em>, November 2014.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&gt;&gt; Back to July\/August 2016 Issue by Garvin Jabusch, cofounder and chief investment officer, Green Alpha Advisors &nbsp; It has been a tough couple years for fossil fuels companies. In the immediate term, new drilling techniques and the lifting of the Iran economic embargo have opened up new supplies of oil and gas, and subsequently [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":12754,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[91],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7489","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-july-august-2016"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Structural (and Possibly Abrupt) Decline of Fossil Fuels - Green Money Old version<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Structural (and Possibly Abrupt) Decline of Fossil Fuels - Green Money Old version\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"&gt;&gt; Back to July\/August 2016 Issue by Garvin Jabusch, cofounder and chief investment officer, Green Alpha Advisors &nbsp; It has been a tough couple years for fossil fuels companies. In the immediate term, new drilling techniques and the lifting of the Iran economic embargo have opened up new supplies of oil and gas, and subsequently [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/test.greenmoney.com\/2025\/the-structural-and-possibly-abrupt-decline-of-fossil-fuels\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Green Money Old version\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/cliff.feigenbaum\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-07-01T17:44:37+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-05-10T20:24:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/test.greenmoney.com\/2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/SolarCity_install-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"573\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"250\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Michelle Mosser\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@cliffgmj\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@cliffgmj\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Michelle Mosser\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"21 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/test.greenmoney.com\/2025\/the-structural-and-possibly-abrupt-decline-of-fossil-fuels\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/test.greenmoney.com\/2025\/the-structural-and-possibly-abrupt-decline-of-fossil-fuels\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Michelle Mosser\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/test.greenmoney.com\/2025\/#\/schema\/person\/f8ac105643390eb0d657dfac9c1a72ba\"},\"headline\":\"The Structural (and Possibly Abrupt) Decline of Fossil Fuels\",\"datePublished\":\"2016-07-01T17:44:37+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-05-10T20:24:56+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/test.greenmoney.com\/2025\/the-structural-and-possibly-abrupt-decline-of-fossil-fuels\/\"},\"wordCount\":4298,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/test.greenmoney.com\/2025\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/test.greenmoney.com\/2025\/the-structural-and-possibly-abrupt-decline-of-fossil-fuels\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/test.greenmoney.com\/2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/SolarCity_install-1.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"July-August 2016 - 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